Fluorene Functionalized Porphyrins as Broadband Absorbers for TiO2 Nanocrystalline Solar Cells

Three 9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene (DHF) functionalized zinc porphyrin dyes (coded as ZZX-N3, ZZX-N4, and ZZX-N5) were designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells. Then, DHF and benzoic acid were conjugated to the porphyrin ring through triple bonds to act as a spacer to elongate the π-conjugation and as an acceptor for an efficient electron injection, respectively. A bis(9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene-7-yl)amine (BFA) and a bis(4-hexylphenyl)amine (BPA) were further linked to DHF to act as electron donors in ZZX-N3 and ZZX-N4, respectively. ZZX-N5 did not have any electron donor and served as a reference. Moreover, ZZX-N3- and ZZX-N4-sensitized cells exhibited broader sunlight absorption than ZZX-N5, and as a result, higher photon-to-electricity efficiency (PCE) (ZZX-N3, 3.83%; ZZX-N4, 4.2%; ZZX-N5, 3.70%) was observed. The results are consistent with well-separated HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) in ZZX-N3 and ZZX-N4 than in ZZX-N5. However, the overall conversion efficiency of ZZX-N3- and ZZX-N4-sensitized cells was low, which is due to significant dye aggregation induced by the extra long alkyl-chains on the donor groups. This was evidenced by blue and red shifts of the absorption spectra of dye-coated TiO₂ films. In addition, the extra long-chains also did not offer better shielding to prevent electron recombination of injected electrons with I₃^- in electrolyte as revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. When a co-sensitizer (coded as PBS) was used, a new peak corresponding to the absorption of PBS at 560 nm was observed on the incident photon to charge carrier efficiency (IPCE) spectra; however, the overall photovoltaic performance was not improved due to the significant decrease of dye-loading density of porphyrin dyes, indicating a need to break off the trade-off between dye-loading and light-harvesting. This journal is