@misc{1e77eae9c7bd48f3a28e2943ed7a4c04,
title = "Electrical Panel Constraints of Residential Energy Retrofits Deployed at Scale",
abstract = "Adding electric appliances can overload home electrical panels, causing costly upgrades. Lower-cost mitigations like smart load controls can bypass these constraints. This study introduces new ResStock(TM) modeling that characterizes U.S. electrical panels and quantifies constraints from large-scale retrofits, including heat pumps (HPs). By integrating panel configurations and bottom-up National Electrical Code (NEC) load calculations, this work delivers congruent estimates of constraints and upgrade frequencies. These findings offer homeowners and utilities a foundational dataset to evaluate cost-saving pathways, target mitigation strategies, and accelerate affordable residential energy retrofit deployment.",
keywords = "building stock modeling, NEC load calculation, residential electrical panel constraint, residential energy retrofit measures, ResStock",
author = "Lixi Liu and Joe Robertson and Yingli Lou and Janet Reyna and Jeff Maguire and Jes Brossman and Xin Jin",
year = "2026",
doi = "10.66816/po4881077",
language = "American English",
series = "Presented at ACEEE 2026 Summer Study, 2-7 August 2026, Pacific Grove, California",
publisher = "National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR)",
address = "United States",
type = "Other",
}