Compositions for Energy Conversion and Storage and Methods of Making the Same

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first layer that includes a polymer having a repeat unit with a structure that includes ##STR00001## where m is between 2 and 100, inclusively, the repeat unit is protonated at at least one of position A) and/or B) and/or sulfonated at at least one of rings 1) and/or 2), R.sub.1 includes at least one of a lone pair of electrons, a covalent bond, hydrogen, and/or a hydrocarbon functional group, R.sub.2 includes at least one of a lone pair of electrons, a covalent bond, hydrogen, and/or a hydrocarbon functional group, and custom character is a covalent bond.